Thermal Engines:
In the broadest definition possible, these engines require a source of heat to convert into motion. Looking at how they generate said heat, these are combustive (that burn stuff) or non-combustive engines. They function either through direct combustion of a propellant or through the transformation of fluid to get work. As such, most thermal engines also see some overlap with chemical drive systems. They’ll be airbreathing engines (that take oxidizers like oxygen from the atmosphere) or non-airbreathing engines (that have oxidizers chemically tied within the fuel).
What is Internal Combustion Engines?
Internal Combustion Engines:
Internal combustion engines (IC engines) are pretty ubiquitous today. The facility cars, lawnmowers, helicopters, and so on. The largest IC engine can generate 109,000 HP to power a ship that moves 20,000 containers. IC engines derive energy from fuel burned inside a specialized area of the system called a combustion chamber. The method of combustion generates reaction products (exhaust) with a way greater total volume than that of the reactants combined (fuel and oxidizer). This expansion is that the actual bread and butter of IC engines. This is often what actually provides the motion. Heat is simply a byproduct of combustion and represents a wasted part of the fuel’s energy store because it doesn’t actually provide any physical work.
Types of IC Engines:
IC engines are differentiated by the amount of ‘strokes’ or cycles each piston makes for a full rotation of the crankshaft. Most typical today are four-stroke engines, which break down the combustion reaction in four steps:
- Induction or injection of a fuel-air mix (the carburate) into the combustion chamber.
- Compression of the combo.
- Ignition by a sparking plug or compression — fuel goes boom.
- Emission of the exhaust.
For every step, a 4-stroke piston is alternatively pushed down or duplicate. Ignition is that the only step where work is generated in the engine, so for all other steps, each piston relies on energy from external sources (the other pistons, an electrical starter, manual cranking, or the crankshaft’s inertia) to maneuver. That’s why you have got to tug the chord on your lawnmower, and why your car needs a working battery to begin running.
Other criteria for differentiating IC engines are the kind of fuel used, the number of cylinders, total displacement (internal volume of cylinders), distribution of cylinders (inline, radial, V-engines, etc.), addition as power and power-to-weight output.
What is External Combustion Engines?
External Combustion Engines:
External combustion engines (EC engines) keep the fuel and exhaust products separately. They burn fuel in one chamber and warmth the working fluid inside the engine through a device or the engine’s wall. In some respects, EC engines function similarly to their IC counterparts. They both require heat which is obtained by burning stuff. There are, however, several differences moreover. EC engines use fluids that undergo thermal dilation-contraction or a phase shift, but whose chemical composition remains unaltered. The fluid used can either be gaseous (as within the Stirling engine), liquid (the Organic Rankine cycle engine), or change phase (as within the steam engine) — for IC engines, the fluid is sort of universally a liquid fuel and air mixture that combusts (changes its chemical composition). Finally, the engines can either exhaust the fluid after use like IC engines do (open-cycle engines) or continually use the identical fluid (closed-cycle engines).
Atmospheric Engines:
Surprisingly, the primary steam engines to work out industrial use generated work by creating a vacuum instead of pressure. Called ‘atmospheric engines’, these were ponderous machines and highly fuel inefficient. In time, steam engines took on the shape and characteristics we expect to determine from engines today and have become more efficient — with reciprocating steam engines introducing the piston system (still in use by IC engines today) or compound engine systems that re-used the fluid in cylinders at decreasing pressures to come up with extra ‘oomph’. Today, steam engines have fallen out of widespread use: they’re heavy, bulky things, have much lower fuel efficiency and power-to-weight ratio than IC engines, and can’t change output as quickly. But if you’re not bothered by their weight, size, and with a gentle supply of labor, they’re awesome. As such, EC is currently employed with great success as a turbine engine for naval operations and power plants.
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